Explain what each person is saying. Use the verb in parentheses, followed by a gerund or an infinitive.

Allen: The election is Monday. Make sure you vote. (remember)

Allen told us to remember to vote on Monday.

EXPANSION Units 4–6

1 Language Review

A. Complete each sentence by adding both...and, not only...but also, either...or, or neither...nor. For some items, more than one answer may be possible.

1. Both Beijing and Shanghai are cities in China.

2. All numbers are either even or odd.

3. Solar energy is both clean and renewable.

4. Both Ayrton Senna and Jim Clark were famous race car drivers.

5. In the Spanish language, nouns are either masculine or feminine.

6. Both Finding Nemo and The Lion King are animated films.

7. Studies have found that neither men nor women talk more than the other.

8. neither cars nor airplanes existed 200 years ago.

9. The word change can mean either coins or to become different.

10. Some words in the English language, like conflict and suspect, are both nouns and verbs.

Check the product carefully. There may be defects.

1. You feel anxiety about leaving your job. You should still do it.

Even if you feel anixiety about leaving your job, you should still do it.

2. The police will have trouble finding the criminal. It would help if there were a witness.

The police will have trouble finding the criminal unless there is a witness.

3. We have finished this tedious task. We can relax.

Now that we have finished this tedious tasks, we can relax.

4. She feels restless. It doesn’t matter where she is.

She feels restless whenever she is.

5. Let’s choose our destination. Then we can book our trip.

Let's choose our destination so that we can book our trip.

6. More consumers buy that brand. It has a good reputation.

More consumers buy that brand because it has a good repletion.

7. He wants to be accepted into a prestigious university. He will have to study hard.

If he wants to be accepted to prestigious university, he will have to study hard.

8. The secret agent altered his appearance. It was difficult to recognize him.

Because/Since the secret agent altered her appearance, it was difficult to recognize her.

C. Write two sentences about each item using adverb clauses.

1. I ride my bicycle wherever I go. Since I got a new bicycle, I don't mind riding to school.

2. Now that I have an electronic bilingual dictionary, it is easier to keep up words. I use my bilingual dictionary only if I can't understand the English definition.

3. I always carry my cell phone in case of emergency. Bring your cell phone so that you can call me when you get there.

4. I can't resist a chocolate bar, even If I am not hungry. I'm hungry for dinner because I ate a chocolate bar earlier.

D. Explain what each person is saying. Use the verb in parentheses, followed by a gerund or an infinitive.

1. Ahmed: I shouldn’t have bought this car. It keeps breaking down. (regret)

Ahmed regrets buying her car.

2. Abdullah: I wish I could be at the meeting, but unfortunately I can’t. (regret)

Abdullah regrets not being able to be at the meeting.

3. Tom: We got so bored of that TV show. We don’t watch it anymore. (stop)

Tom got so bored of that TV show that he stopped watching it.

4. Allen: The election is Monday. Make sure you vote. (remember)

Allen told us to remember to vote on Monday.

5. Dennis: Watching the Olympics live was incredible. I will never forget it. (remember)

Dennis will always remember watching the Olympics live.

6. Andrew: Jack and I were driving when we saw fireworks. We pulled over and watched them. (stop)

Andrew and Jack were driving when they stopped to watch the fireworks.

7. Kaya: I’m looking for a dress for the wedding. (try)

Kaya is trying to find a dress for the wedding.

8. Jimmy: Did you look online for the tennis match schedules this weekend? (try)

Jimmy asked if we tried looking online for the tennis match schedules.

E. Use the words to write sentences with but or and + an auxiliary verb.

1. gold is a kind of metal/silver

Gold is a kind of metal, and silver is too.

2. shoes are worn on the feet/gloves

Shoes are worn in the feet, but gloves aren't.

3. alligators don’t live in the desert/monkey

Alligators don't live in the desert, and monkeys don't either.

4. an uncle is a male relative/nephew

An uncle is a male relative, and a nephew is too.

5. ice is a form of water/steam

Ice is a form of water, and steam is too.

6. elephants aren’t predatory animals/deer

Elephants aren’t predatory animals, and deer aren't either.

7. Kenya is an African country/Nigeria

Kenya is an African country, and Nigeria is too.

8. men often wear ties/women

Men often wear ties, but women don't.

9. apples aren’t tropical fruits/cherries

Apples aren’t tropical fruits, and cherries aren't either.

10. Colombia is in South America/Canada

Colombia is in South America, but Canada isn't.

11. penguins can’t fly/parrots

penguins can’t fly, but parrots can.

12. The United States doesn’t have a royal family/England

The United States doesn’t have a royal family, but England does.

F. For each pair of pictures, write sentences with but or and + an auxiliary verb.

1. China is a large country, and the U.S is too.

2. A cell phone is a form of technology, and a laptop is too.

3. A burrito is a typical Mexican food.

4. A mechanic fixes cars, but a race car driver doesn't.

2 Reading

After Reading

A. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

1. The disappointing results of the experiment were, unfortunately, caused by the researcher’s diminishing enthusiasm and interest.

2. Unfortunately, consuming too much fast food is the norm among young people, these days, not the exception.

3. Although he had spent days preparing his presentation, he got so intimidated by the audience that he could hardly say a word.

4. You should not give up when you run into difficulties. Instead, you should utilize all your skills and experience to deal with them.

5. UAE is an acronym It stands for United Arab Emirates.

6. A good communicator always tries to facilitate his interlocutor.

7. Young people use abbreviated language in texting.

8. People used to think that computers were vastly overrated as a home appliance.

B. Answer the questions.

1. What were the conclusions of research on the impact of online communication across cultures?

Although young people communicate online, face-to-face communication is still very important for the formation of lasting friendships.

2. What did the project participants believe about lasting friendships?

Project participants believed that face-to-face communication and mobility were requirements for the formation of long-term friendships.

3. What was the main difference between participants who travelled to different countries and those who didn't?

Partcipants who traveled were more highly motivated, interested and enthusiastic and had the opportunity to experience different cultures in person. Those who didn't gradually lost interest.

4. How did the project participants feel about their language competence to begin with? Why?

They felt intimated because they didn't think their language was adequate. They were worried about making mistakes and didn't feel confident about using language spontaneously, without support.

5. Which factors fostered the development of “texting” language?

The need for a quick and efficient way of communicating online contributed to the development of “texting” language.

6. What did high school students believe about different types of language? Why?

High school students believe that context and circumstances determine the type of communication and type of language used. Although pleased to be able to message efficiency and effectively they were keen on develop the language and skills required in different contexts.

3 Language Plus

Read the definitions of these idioms. Then complete each sentence with the correct idiom.

1. Every time I go to the dentist, I break into a cold sweat.

2. Finally! This cake is perfect. The third time's the charm.

3. I was lucky not to get hurt last time I jumped. I don’t want to throw caution to the wind by jumping again.

4. I hope you win. I will root for you.

4 Writing

Correct each run-on sentence in two different ways.

1. The weather has been great it has been warm.

The weather has been great. It has been warm. /The weather has been great and it has been warm.

2. She can’t make it she has other plans.

She can't make it. She has other plans. / She can't make it, for she has other plans.

3. He’s tired he doesn’t want to stay out late.

He is tired. He doesn't want to stay out late. / He is tired, so he doesn't want to stay out late.

4. I understood the lesson I can help you.

I understood the lesson. I can help you. / I understood the lesson, and I can help you.